Student Level 1 – Beginner
May speak a little, but usually not at all. May recognize some letters, but have trouble pronouncing them.
Understanding is very limited and may range from no apparent comprehension, to comprehension of short phrases or key words.
May not read/write in own language, or with minimal ability to phonetically decode words. If words can be decoded, there may be no understanding of their meaning.
Usually has little or no slight word recognition. Usually has little or no ability to phonetically decode words. If words can be decoded there may be no understanding of their meaning.
Student Level 1 – Upper Beginner
Minimal speaking ability, with limited vocabulary, usually constrained to topics of personal information. Speech is frequently interrupted by hesitations while searching for needed words/structures.
Can understand only a little, usually with the help of gestures, and only if words are spoken at a slow pace. May tend to repeat phrases/questions just heard rather than respond to them.
Writing is usually quite limited, e.g. to name/address, and some high-frequency words. Can read alphabet and numbers and basic words or sentences.
Student Level 2 – Intermediate
Can speak with simple sentence structures, using present tense, but attempts at linking or sequencing sentences prove difficult. Speech is fragmented, i.e. a mixture of sentences and phrases, or single key words strung together without function words. Will struggle to search for words. Vocabulary limited to personal information, daily life, or similar familiar topics. Pronunciation problems often make speech hard to understand. Listening ability is often better than speech production, with the ability to understand basic instructions/questions, often by picking up on key content words rather than necessarily understanding everything.
Writing is mainly limited to single words, phrases and simple sentences, such as personal information required for filling out a form. Frequent errors in spelling, grammar and punctuation.
Can read basic information presented in simple sentences within a known, usually practical context, such as basic forms, lists, familiar classroom material.
Student Level 2 - Upper Intermediate
Speech is mostly understandable, although it is still limited to learned structures and familiar contexts. Basic structures are in place, using past, present, future tenses and active rather than passive voice. Will still hesitate, and search for the right words. Can tell a basic story in sequence.
Can write down information of a personal, familiar nature, and take down short notes, messages, lists. Meaning is usually communicated despite frequent errors, although some misunderstandings may remain.
In general, basic language skills are seen to be developing at this level. In conversation, can respond although still not elaborate or initiate much change in direction or speak at great length without guidance. In general, can function adequately within a known framework.

Student Level 3 – Advanced
Speech connected with minimal hesitations, if not entirely fluent yet. Has ability to describe in detail, paraphrase, and ask for detailed clarification when necessary. Shows confidence in ability to express different ideas.
Able to understand main ideas and some details from longer segments of connected speech, in a wider range of contexts. But comprehension may be uneven depending on familiarity with topic, and how simply information is presented.
Writing is produced with some confidence, especially in personal or practical areas. Elements of organization are evident, and writing is generally understandable. Able to read with full understanding.
In general, at this level, the confidence to deal with less familiar, unexpected language situations has begun to develop. Shows ability to control direction of conversation, initiate topics, elaborate on a subject with less guidance, and to self-correct when needed.